Reference List

All 58 references cited in Patient Safety 101, organised by chapter in Harvard style. Use the search bar to find any author, title, or organisation.

🔍 58 references
58
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9
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2026
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  • 1World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Global patient safety report 2023. WHO.
  • 2NHS England. (2022). Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF). NHS England.
  • 3Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 4Nightingale, F. (1863). Notes on hospitals (3rd ed.). Longman.
  • 5Vincent, C., & Amalberti, R. (2016). Safer healthcare: Strategies for the real world. Springer Open.
  • 1Reason, J. (2000). Human error: Models and management. British Medical Journal, 320(7237), 768–770.
  • 2Edmondson, A. C. (2019). The fearless organisation: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation and growth. Wiley.
  • 3NHS England. (2019). The NHS Patient Safety Strategy: Safer culture, safer systems, safer patients. NHS England.
  • 4NHS England. (2022). Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF). NHS England.
  • 5Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 6Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. HMSO.
  • 7Care Quality Commission (CQC). (2023). Key questions and key lines of enquiry (KLOEs). CQC.
  • 8World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021–2030. WHO.
  • 1Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organisations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • 2NHS England. (2021). NHS workforce race equality standard (WRES) report 2021. NHS England.
  • 3Equality Act 2010. HMSO.
  • 4World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021–2030. WHO.
  • 5Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 6NHS England. (2022). NHS patient safety strategy update. NHS England.
  • 7Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. HMSO.
  • 1Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge University Press.
  • 2Seys, D., et al. (2013). Healthcare professionals as second victims after adverse events: Evaluation of the evidence. Journal of Patient Safety, 9(1), 14–26.
  • 3Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014, Regulation 20, Duty of Candour. HMSO.
  • 4Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 5NHS England. (2022). Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF). NHS England.
  • 6Scott, S. D., et al. (2009). The natural history of recovery for the healthcare provider ‘second victim’ after adverse patient events. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 18(5), 325–330.
  • 7Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. HMSO.
  • 1NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. (2010). SBAR: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation. NHS Institute.
  • 2Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 3Edmondson, A. C. (2019). The fearless organisation: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation and growth. Wiley.
  • 4NHS England. (2020). NHS communication and language support policy. NHS England.
  • 5Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014, Regulation 20, Duty of Candour. HMSO.
  • 6Equality Act 2010. HMSO.
  • 7Leonard, M., Graham, S., & Bonacum, D. (2004). The human factor: The critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 13(Suppl 1), i85–i90.
  • 1NHS England. (2019). The NHS Patient Safety Strategy: Safer culture, safer systems, safer patients. NHS England.
  • 2World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Medication without harm: WHO global patient safety challenge. WHO.
  • 3Elliott, R. A., et al. (2018). Prevalence and economic burden of medication errors in England. Policy Research Unit in Economic Evaluation of Health and Care Interventions.
  • 4National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2021). Medicines adherence: Involving patients in decisions about prescribed medicines. NICE guideline CG76. NICE.
  • 5Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 6NHS England (formerly NHS Improvement). (2018). SBAR communication tool: Situation, background, assessment, recommendation. NHS Improvement.
  • 7Aronson, J. K. (2009). Medication errors: Definitions and classification. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 67(6), 599–604.
  • 8Care Quality Commission (CQC). (2022). Medicines management: How CQC regulates medicines. CQC.
  • 1NHS England. (2012). SBAR communication tool. NHS England.
  • 2Royal College of Physicians. (2017). National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2). RCP.
  • 3NHS England. (2018). The learning from deaths programme. NHS England.
  • 4Resuscitation Council UK. (2021). Advanced Life Support (8th ed.). RCUK.
  • 5Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 6National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2007). Acutely ill adults in hospital: Recognising and responding to deterioration. NICE guideline CG50. NICE.
  • 7NHS Improvement. (2021). Reducing deterioration and preventable acute harm. NHS Improvement.
  • 8Massey, D., Chaboyer, W., & Anderson, V. (2017). What factors influence ward nurses’ recognition of and response to patient deterioration? Nursing Open, 4(1), 6–23.
  • 9NHS England. (2023). Inpatient falls. Patient Safety Incident Insights. NHS England.
  • 10National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2025). Falls: Assessment and prevention in older people and in people 50 and over at higher risk. NICE guideline NG249. NICE.
  • 1NHS England. (2022). National Infection Prevention and Control Manual (NIPCM) for England. NHS England.
  • 2World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Hand hygiene in health care: First global patient safety challenge. WHO.
  • 3UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). (2022). Standard infection control precautions (SICPs). UKHSA.
  • 4Pratt, R. J., et al. (2007). Epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in NHS hospitals. Journal of Hospital Infection, 65(Suppl 1), S1–S64.
  • 5Care Quality Commission (CQC). (2022). Infection prevention and control: Key lines of enquiry. CQC.
  • 6Public Health England. (2019). COVID-19: Infection prevention and control guidance. PHE.
  • 7National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2012, updated 2021). Healthcare-associated infections: Prevention and control in primary and community care. NICE guideline PH36. NICE.
  • 8Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 1NHS England. (2021). What good looks like: Framework for digital health and care in England. NHS England.
  • 2NHS England. (2023). Digital clinical safety: NHS DSPT, clinical risk management. NHS England.
  • 3MHRA. (2022). The new framework for software and AI as a medical device. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
  • 4Royal College of Nursing (RCN). (2020). Nursing informatics and the nurse of the future: A framework for digital practice. RCN.
  • 5NHS England. (2019). The NHS Long Term Plan: Technology and digital. NHS England.
  • 6Topol Review. (2019). Preparing the healthcare workforce to deliver the digital future. Health Education England.
  • 7Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO). (2018). Guide to the UK GDPR. ICO.
  • 8British Computer Society (BCS). (2018). Code of conduct for ICT professionals. BCS.
  • 1NHS England. (2019). The NHS Patient Safety Strategy: Safer culture, safer systems, safer patients. NHS England.
  • 2Francis, R. (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. The Stationery Office.
  • 3NHS England. (2022). Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF). NHS England.
  • 4National Guardian’s Office. (2023). Speaking up in the NHS. National Guardian’s Office.
  • 5Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 6West, M. A., et al. (2020). Caring to change: How compassionate leadership can stimulate innovation in health care. The King’s Fund.
  • 7Edmondson, A. C. (2019). The fearless organisation: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation and growth. Wiley.
  • 8Health Education England (HEE). (2022). NHS leadership academy: Developing people, improving care. HEE.
Jump:
  • 1Aronson, J. K. (2009). Medication errors: Definitions and classification. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 67(6), 599–604.
  • 2British Computer Society (BCS). (2018). Code of conduct for ICT professionals. BCS.
  • 3Care Quality Commission (CQC). (2022). Infection prevention and control: Key lines of enquiry. CQC.
  • 4Care Quality Commission (CQC). (2022). Medicines management: How CQC regulates medicines. CQC.
  • 5Care Quality Commission (CQC). (2023). Key questions and key lines of enquiry (KLOEs). CQC.
  • 6Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. HMSO.
  • 7Edmondson, A. C. (2019). The fearless organisation: Creating psychological safety in the workplace for learning, innovation and growth. Wiley.
  • 8Elliott, R. A., et al. (2018). Prevalence and economic burden of medication errors in England. Policy Research Unit in Economic Evaluation of Health and Care Interventions.
  • 9Equality Act 2010. HMSO.
  • 10Francis, R. (2013). Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. The Stationery Office.
  • 11Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. HMSO.
  • 12Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014, Regulation 20, Duty of Candour. HMSO.
  • 13Health Education England (HEE). (2022). NHS leadership academy: Developing people, improving care. HEE.
  • 14Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organisations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • 15Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO). (2018). Guide to the UK GDPR. ICO.
  • 16Leonard, M., Graham, S., & Bonacum, D. (2004). The human factor: The critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 13(Suppl 1), i85–i90.
  • 17Massey, D., Chaboyer, W., & Anderson, V. (2017). What factors influence ward nurses’ recognition of and response to patient deterioration? Nursing Open, 4(1), 6–23.
  • 18MHRA. (2022). The new framework for software and AI as a medical device. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.
  • 19National Guardian’s Office. (2023). Speaking up in the NHS. National Guardian’s Office.
  • 20National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2007). Acutely ill adults in hospital: Recognising and responding to deterioration. NICE guideline CG50. NICE.
  • 21National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2012, updated 2021). Healthcare-associated infections: Prevention and control in primary and community care. NICE guideline PH36. NICE.
  • 22National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2021). Medicines adherence: Involving patients in decisions about prescribed medicines. NICE guideline CG76. NICE.
  • 23National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2025). Falls: Assessment and prevention in older people and in people 50 and over at higher risk. NICE guideline NG249. NICE.
  • 24NHS England (formerly NHS Improvement). (2018). SBAR communication tool: Situation, background, assessment, recommendation. NHS Improvement.
  • 25NHS England. (2012). SBAR communication tool. NHS England.
  • 26NHS England. (2018). The learning from deaths programme. NHS England.
  • 27NHS England. (2019). The NHS Long Term Plan: Technology and digital. NHS England.
  • 28NHS England. (2019). The NHS Patient Safety Strategy: Safer culture, safer systems, safer patients. NHS England.
  • 29NHS England. (2020). NHS communication and language support policy. NHS England.
  • 30NHS England. (2021). NHS workforce race equality standard (WRES) report 2021. NHS England.
  • 31NHS England. (2021). What good looks like: Framework for digital health and care in England. NHS England.
  • 32NHS England. (2022). National Infection Prevention and Control Manual (NIPCM) for England. NHS England.
  • 33NHS England. (2022). NHS patient safety strategy update. NHS England.
  • 34NHS England. (2022). Patient Safety Incident Response Framework (PSIRF). NHS England.
  • 35NHS England. (2023). Digital clinical safety: NHS DSPT, clinical risk management. NHS England.
  • 36NHS England. (2023). Inpatient falls. Patient Safety Incident Insights. NHS England.
  • 37NHS Improvement. (2021). Reducing deterioration and preventable acute harm. NHS Improvement.
  • 38NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. (2010). SBAR: Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation. NHS Institute.
  • 39Nightingale, F. (1863). Notes on hospitals (3rd ed.). Longman.
  • 40Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). (2018). The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. NMC.
  • 41Pratt, R. J., et al. (2007). Epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in NHS hospitals. Journal of Hospital Infection, 65(Suppl 1), S1–S64.
  • 42Public Health England. (2019). COVID-19: Infection prevention and control guidance. PHE.
  • 43Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. HMSO.
  • 44Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge University Press.
  • 45Reason, J. (2000). Human error: Models and management. British Medical Journal, 320(7237), 768–770.
  • 46Resuscitation Council UK. (2021). Advanced Life Support (8th ed.). RCUK.
  • 47Royal College of Nursing (RCN). (2020). Nursing informatics and the nurse of the future: A framework for digital practice. RCN.
  • 48Royal College of Physicians. (2017). National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2). RCP.
  • 49Scott, S. D., et al. (2009). The natural history of recovery for the healthcare provider ‘second victim’ after adverse patient events. Quality & Safety in Health Care, 18(5), 325–330.
  • 50Seys, D., et al. (2013). Healthcare professionals as second victims after adverse events: Evaluation of the evidence. Journal of Patient Safety, 9(1), 14–26.
  • 51Topol Review. (2019). Preparing the healthcare workforce to deliver the digital future. Health Education England.
  • 52UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). (2022). Standard infection control precautions (SICPs). UKHSA.
  • 53Vincent, C., & Amalberti, R. (2016). Safer healthcare: Strategies for the real world. Springer Open.
  • 54West, M. A., et al. (2020). Caring to change: How compassionate leadership can stimulate innovation in health care. The King’s Fund.
  • 55World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Medication without harm: WHO global patient safety challenge. WHO.
  • 56World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021–2030. WHO.
  • 57World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Hand hygiene in health care: First global patient safety challenge. WHO.
  • 58World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Global patient safety report 2023. WHO.